{"id":1414,"date":"2022-03-08T08:41:28","date_gmt":"2022-03-08T07:41:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/us.edu.pl\/instytut\/inpr\/?page_id=1414"},"modified":"2024-04-02T12:02:22","modified_gmt":"2024-04-02T10:02:22","slug":"projekt-pols","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/us.edu.pl\/instytut\/inpr\/nauka-i-badania\/projekt-pols\/","title":{"rendered":"Projekt POLS"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]\r\n                <div class=\"text-modules\">\r\n                    <div class=\"container\">\r\n                        \r\n                        <div class=\"text-modules__content\"><p><strong><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-1723\" src=\"https:\/\/us.edu.pl\/instytut\/inpr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/Bez-kategorii\/Norway-Grants-Logo-267x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/us.edu.pl\/instytut\/inpr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/Bez-kategorii\/Norway-Grants-Logo-267x300.png 267w, https:\/\/us.edu.pl\/instytut\/inpr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/Bez-kategorii\/Norway-Grants-Logo-768x861.png 768w, https:\/\/us.edu.pl\/instytut\/inpr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/Bez-kategorii\/Norway-Grants-Logo-513x575.png 513w, https:\/\/us.edu.pl\/instytut\/inpr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/Bez-kategorii\/Norway-Grants-Logo.png 913w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Wi\u0119kszo\u015bci kwalifikowane w niewi\u0119kszo\u015bciowych mechanizmach: w kierunku nowej teorii superwi\u0119kszo\u015bci w s\u0105dowej kontroli konstytucyjno\u015bci prawa<\/p>\n<p><strong>Project Badawczy<\/strong> <strong>020\/37\/K\/HS5\/02758<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Opis Projektu <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesne demokracje postrzegaj\u0105 Konstytucje jako spos\u00f3b kontrolowania w\u0142adzy. Konstytucje gwarantuj\u0105 zestaw podstawowych praw, ustanawiaj\u0105 demokratyczne zasady dotycz\u0105ce procedur wyborczych i zapewniaj\u0105 mniejszo\u015bciom ochron\u0119 przed \u201etyrani\u0105 wi\u0119kszo\u015bci\u201d. Co jednak uniemo\u017cliwia parlamentom naruszanie konstytucji? Jaki jest \u015brodek zaradczy przeciwko niekonstytucyjnej ustawie?<\/p>\n<p>Konstytucjonalizm twierdzi, \u017ce s\u0119dziowie oferuj\u0105 bezstronny scenariusz gwarantuj\u0105cy nadrz\u0119dno\u015b\u0107 Konstytucji w tak zwanej \u201es\u0105dowej kontroli konstytucyjno\u015bci\u201d. S\u0105dowa kontrola konstytucyjno\u015bci mo\u017ce by\u0107 przeprowadzana przez ka\u017cdego s\u0119dziego w kraju (model ameryka\u0144ski) lub przez jeden Trybuna\u0142 Konstytucyjny, lub inne s\u0105dy pe\u0142ni\u0105ce tak\u0105 funkcj\u0119 (model europejski \/ skoncentrowany).<\/p>\n<p>S\u0105dowa kontrola konstytucyjno\u015bci jest \u015brodkiem zaradczym maj\u0105cym na celu zapobieganie problemom \u201emajoritaryzmu\u201d. Paradoksalny jest jednak fakt, \u017ce pod koniec obrad s\u0105dy prowadz\u0105ce s\u0105dow\u0105 kontrol\u0119 konstytucyjno\u015bci g\u0142osuj\u0105 w celu podj\u0119cia ostatecznego rozstrzygni\u0119cia. Ten sam mechanizm (g\u0142osowanie wi\u0119kszo\u015bciowe), kt\u00f3ry jest postrzegany z nieufno\u015bci\u0105 na arenie parlamentarnej, jest stosowany w ramach kontroli s\u0105dowej.<\/p>\n<p>Kraje takie jak Stany Zjednoczone (w stanie Nebraska, Ohio i Dakota P\u00f3\u0142nocna), Meksyk, Peru, Czechy i Polska (przej\u015bciowo w 2015 r.) wymaga\u0142y i cz\u0119\u015bciowo dalej wymagaj\u0105 osi\u0105gni\u0119cia wi\u0119kszo\u015bci kwalifikowanej podczas s\u0105dowej kontroli konstytucyjno\u015bci. Doktryna prawna stworzy\u0142a kategorie wyja\u015bniaj\u0105ce ka\u017cdy aspekt kontroli s\u0105dowej, jednak zignorowa\u0142a istnienie wi\u0119kszo\u015bci kwalifikowanej. Brak jakiejkolwiek teorii wyja\u015bniaj\u0105cej to zjawisko jest g\u0142\u00f3wnym powodem podj\u0119cia pr\u00f3by realizacji niniejszego projektu badawczego.<\/p>\n<p>Pojawia si\u0119 pytanie, dlaczego tak wa\u017cna funkcja, jak wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 wymagana w celu uniewa\u017cnienia ustawy pozostaje niezbadana? Istniej\u0105 ku temu dwa g\u0142\u00f3wne powody. Po pierwsze, nie opracowano \u017cadnej istotnej teorii wyja\u015bniaj\u0105cej wi\u0119kszo\u015bci kwalifikowane, poniewa\u017c wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 zwyk\u0142a wydaje si\u0119 \u201enaturalna\u201d. Po drugie, pomimo tego, \u017ce kilku autor\u00f3w podj\u0119\u0142o si\u0119 analizy tego tematu, to zrobi\u0142o to jedynie z perspektywy lokalnej. Istniej\u0105ca literatura wyja\u015bnia jedynie dzia\u0142anie tego mechanizmu w danym kraju, lecz nie formu\u0142uje teorii, czym jest ten mechanizm, jakie jest jego pod\u0142o\u017ce teoretyczne i czy takie wi\u0119kszo\u015bci spe\u0142niaj\u0105 swoje cele, czy te\u017c utrudniaj\u0105 funkcjonowanie s\u0105d\u00f3w. W zwi\u0105zku z tym niniejszy projekt badawczy ma na celu opracowanie nowej teorii dotycz\u0105cej kontroli konstytucyjnej wyja\u015bniaj\u0105cej wy\u017cej opisan\u0105 tematyk\u0119. Rezultaty bada\u0144 zostan\u0105 opublikowane w monografii na badany temat.<\/p>\n<p>Badania zostan\u0105 przeprowadzone w trzech fazach. W fazie pierwszej stworzone zostan\u0105 ramy teoretyczne dotycz\u0105ce tego zjawiska, w tym poszczeg\u00f3lne kategorie, terminologia oraz wyja\u015bnione zostan\u0105 podstawowe powody stosowania wi\u0119kszo\u015bci kwalifikowanej. Celem projektu b\u0119dzie udowodnienie, \u017ce wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 kwalifikowana funkcjonuje jako\u00a0&#8222;<em>deferential mechanism<\/em>&#8221;\u00a0(wska\u017anik zapewniaj\u0105cy, \u017ce s\u0105dy poddaj\u0105 si\u0119 demokratycznie wybranemu parlamentowi). Podczas realizacji projektu zostanie zademonstrowane, \u017ce mechanizmy te nie tylko zmniejszaj\u0105 napi\u0119cia demokratycznej s\u0105dowej kontroli konstytucyjno\u015bci, ale tak\u017ce zobowi\u0105zuj\u0105 do budowania konsensusu w orzecznictwie konstytucyjnym. Drugim etapem b\u0119dzie zastosowanie wszystkich utworzonych kategorii do istniej\u0105cych modeli wi\u0119kszo\u015bci kwalifikowanej i zrozumienie, poprzez analiz\u0119 ich funkcjonowania, czy utrudniaj\u0105 kontrol\u0119 s\u0105dow\u0105 i w jakim stopniu wymuszaj\u0105\u00a0&#8222;<em>parliamentary deference<\/em>&#8222;. Trzecim etapem projektu b\u0119d\u0105 prace nad monografi\u0105.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Metodologia<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Projekt wykorzystuje metody: teoretyczno-prawn\u0105 oraz dogmatyczno-prawn\u0105, jak r\u00f3wnie\u017c tzw. analiz\u0119 koncepcyjn\u0105 (<em>conceptual methodology<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Wyniki bada\u0144 (miesi\u0105ce 1-3)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pierwsze miesi\u0105ce projektu badawczego po\u015bwi\u0119cono na pog\u0142\u0119bienie przegl\u0105du literatury dotycz\u0105cej teorii wi\u0119kszo\u015bci w kontroli s\u0105dowej. Przeprowadzone badania wykaza\u0142y, \u017ce teoria wi\u0119kszo\u015bci w kontroli s\u0105dowej jest w du\u017cej mierze tematem niezbadanym, mimo \u017ce opracowano pewne konkretne publikacje dotycz\u0105ce takiej wi\u0119kszo\u015bci w konkretnych krajach.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Raport dotycz\u0105cy rezultat\u00f3w bada\u0144 (miesi\u0105ce 4-15): post\u0119py w trakcie drugiego roku realizacji projektu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>W ramach projektu opracowano koncepcyjny model analizy superwi\u0119kszo\u015bci w prawie por\u00f3wnawczym. Superwi\u0119kszo\u015bci zosta\u0142y podzielone na dwie kategorie: te, kt\u00f3re przekazuj\u0105 uprawnienia do decydowania demokratycznie wybranemu ustawodawcy, okre\u015blane jako &#8222;deferential superwi\u0119kszo\u015bci&#8221; oraz te, kt\u00f3re wymagaj\u0105 superwi\u0119kszo\u015bci do podj\u0119cia ka\u017cdej decyzji, zwane &#8222;superwi\u0119kszo\u015bciami decyzyjnymi&#8221;. Ponadto zidentyfikowano r\u00f3\u017cne zmienne, kt\u00f3re maj\u0105 znaczenie przy analizie skuteczno\u015bci superwi\u0119kszo\u015bci. Zmienne te obejmuj\u0105 \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o prawnego umocowania superwi\u0119kszo\u015bci, ich wielko\u015b\u0107, rodzaj wymaganego g\u0142osowania, warto\u015b\u0107 precedensow\u0105, przyczyny wprowadzenia superwi\u0119kszo\u015bci oraz spos\u00f3b ich wprowadzenia.<\/p>\n<p>W trakcie przechodzenia do fazy prawoznawstwa por\u00f3wnawczego projektu uda\u0142o si\u0119 zidentyfikowa\u0107 obecno\u015b\u0107 (obecn\u0105 lub przesz\u0142\u0105) superwi\u0119kszo\u015bci w nast\u0119puj\u0105cych krajach: Stany Zjednoczone (Ohio w 1912 roku, Dakota P\u00f3\u0142nocna w 1919 roku i Nebraska w 1920 roku), Kostaryka (1949 rok), Tajwan (1958-2022 rok), Peru (1982 rok, a nast\u0119pnie 1995 i 2002 rok), Korea Po\u0142udniowa (1972, 1980 i 1987 rok), Indie (1976-1977 rok), Salwador (1984 rok), Republika Czeska (1993 rok), Meksyk (1994 rok), Liban (1993 rok), Dominikana (2010 rok), Polska (2015 rok) i Gruzja (2016 rok). Z uwagi na du\u017c\u0105 liczb\u0119 jurysdykcji, wybrano konkretne kraje, kt\u00f3re zapewnia\u0142y r\u00f3\u017cnorodno\u015b\u0107 ram instytucjonalnych oraz podej\u015b\u0107 do tworzenia regu\u0142 superwi\u0119kszo\u015bci. Nast\u0119pnie rozpocz\u0119to ocen\u0119 ich efektywno\u015bci w oparciu o wcze\u015bniej opracowane podstawy koncepcyjne. Wnioski por\u00f3wnawcze zosta\u0142y wyci\u0105gni\u0119te.<\/p>\n<p>W okresie od 4 do 15 miesi\u0105ca realizacji projektu osi\u0105gni\u0119to kilka istotnych rezultat\u00f3w. Artyku\u0142 pt. &#8221; Judicial Review of Supermajority Rules Governing Courts&#8217; Own Decision-Making: A Comparative Analysis&#8221; zosta\u0142 opublikowany w Global Constitutionalism (Cambridge), natomiast drugi artyku\u0142 pt. &#8221; Control and Paralysis? A Context-Sensitive Analysis of Objections to Supermajorities in Constitutional Adjudication&#8221; zosta\u0142 zaakceptowany do publikacji w International Journal of Constitutional Law.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Konferencje naukowe<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>(2023) YCC 12th Annual Conference, Miami, paper \u201cDoes Supermajority Rules in Constitutional Adjudication Lead to Court Paralysis: A Comparative Analysis,\u201d Panel \u201cJudicial decision-making and adjudication in comparative perspective\u201d. 28\/10\/2023.<\/li>\n<li>(2023) European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR), paper \u201cVoting protocols as informal judicial institutions: a case study of its perils in Mexico,\u201d Panel \u201cInformality<br \/>\nand Institutional Design of Judicial Bodies.\u201d 04\/09\/2023.<\/li>\n<li>(2023) International Association of Public Law Annual Conference, Panel \u201cDecision-making in Constitutional Courts: Perspectives from Latin America and Oceania\u201d, Wellington University, July 5, Paper \u201cInformal institutions and voting protocols: a look behind the shadows\u201d. 05\/07\/2023.<\/li>\n<li>(2023) Socio-Legal Studies Association Conference 2023. Paper \u201cCan Constitutional Court Presidents become too powerful? Lessons from Mexico&#8217;s judicial politics\u201d. Stream \u201cConstitutionalism in developing democracies\u201d. Ulster University, UK. 05\/04\/2023.<\/li>\n<li>(2022) 11th Annual YCC Global Conference, Boston, Northeastern University. Paper \u201cA comparative analysis on the Mexican supermajority to strike down legislation: Between deference and paralysis\u201d. Panel: Comparative Constitutional, Judicial and Appellate Review. 08\/10\/2023<\/li>\n<li>(2022) \u201cSpielr\u00e4ume des Rechts- Margins in\/of Law\u201d, German Chapter of the International Society of Public Law. Giessen, Germany. Paper \u201cInstitutionalized deference under scrutiny: Judicial review supermajorities through Judicial Review itself\u201d. 17\/08\/2022.<\/li>\n<li>(2022) International Association of Public Law, Annual Conference. Paper \u201cTowards a general theory of supermajorities in judicial review\u201d, Wroclaw<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Prezentacje z konferencji dost\u0119pne s\u0105 pod linkiem: <span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Verdana',sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/1fj6oqWyEJYaHCeydCYCcSTRkx_Q4UAaV?usp=drive_link\">https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/1fj6oqWyEJYaHCeydCYCcSTRkx_Q4UAaV?usp=drive_link<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Publikacje zwi\u0105zane z projektem<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>(Opublikowano) Rivera, Mauro Arturo, Judicial review of supermajority rules governing courts\u2019 own decision-making: A comparative analysis, Global Constitutionalism (Cambridge), First View Papers, DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S2045381723000047\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S2045381723000047<\/a><\/li>\n<li>(Opublikowano) \u201cControl and Paralysis? A Context-sensitive Analysis of Objections to Supermajorities in Constitutional Adjudication\u201d, International Journal of Comparative Law, DOI\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icon\/moad074\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icon\/moad074<\/a><\/li>\n<li>(Opublikowano) Rivera, Mauro Arturo, \u201cLos retos de la defensa del federalismo mexicano est\u00e1ndares deferenciales y asimetr\u00edas procesales en conflictos normativos\u201d [Wyzwania w obronie federalizmu meksyka\u0144skiego: standardy deferencyjne i proceduralne regulacje asymetryczne w konfliktach normatywnych.], w Concurso Nacional de Ensayo sobre el Federalismo, Senat Meksyku, 2023. Dost\u0119pny w <a href=\"http:\/\/bibliodigitalibd.senado.gob.mx\/handle\/123456789\/5931\">http:\/\/bibliodigitalibd.senado.gob.mx\/handle\/123456789\/5931<\/a><\/li>\n<li>(Opublikowano) Rivera, Mauro Arturo, &#8222;El impacto de la doctrina de delegaci\u00f3n en el Tribunal Constitucional Checoslovaco (1922)\u201d, Historia Constitucional, vol. 1, n. 24, 709-726, DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17811\/hc.v0i24.941\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17811\/hc.v0i24.941<\/a><\/li>\n<li>(Przyj\u0119to do publikacji) Rivera, Mauro Arturo, &#8222;Between deference and paralysis? A defense of Mexico&#8217;s Judicial Review supermajority in comparative perspective&#8221;, International Journal of Constitutional Law. Dost\u0119pny w <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/372181191_Between_deference_and_paralysis_A_defense_of_Mexico's_Judicial_Review_supermajority_in_Comparative_perspective\">https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/372181191_Between_deference_and_paralysis_A_defense_of_Mexico&#8217;s_Judicial_Review_supermajority_in_Comparative_perspective<\/a><\/li>\n<li>(Przyj\u0119to do publikacji) Rivera, Mauro Arturo, &#8222;Can Constitutional Court Presidents become too powerful?&#8221;, Hague Journal on the Rule of Law<\/li>\n<li>(Opublikowano) Rivera, Mauro Arturo, &#8222;Supermajorities in Constitutional Courts&#8221;, Routledge. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003458272\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003458272<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Finansowanie<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Badania naukowe prowadz\u0105ce do osi\u0105gni\u0119cia tych wynik\u00f3w zosta\u0142y sfinansowane ze \u015brodk\u00f3w Norweskiego Mechanizmu Finansowego na lata 2014 \u2013 2021<\/strong> (Projekt nr UMO-2020\/37\/K\/HS5\/02758).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kontakt i pytania dotycz\u0105ce projektu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Wszelkie pytania dotycz\u0105ce Projektu mo\u017cna kierowa\u0107 do Kierownika Projektu &#8211; dr Mauro Arturo Rivera Le\u00f3n: mauro_arturo.rivera-leon@us.edu.pl<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>ENGLISH VERSION<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Research Project<\/p>\n<p>Qualified majorities in counter-majoritarian mechanisms: Towards a new theory of supermajorities in judicial review.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Research Project 2020\/37\/K\/HS5\/02758<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Project\u2019s description<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Modern democracies view Constitutions as means to control power. Constitutions guarantee a set of fundamental rights, establish the democratic rules for electoral procedures, and offer minorities protection from the \u201ctyranny of majorities\u201d. However, what prevents parliaments from violating the Constitution? What is the remedy against an unconstitutional statute?<\/p>\n<p>Constitutionalism has concluded that judges offer an impartial scenario to guarantee the supremacy of the Constitution in what is called \u201cjudicial review\u201d. Judicial review may be performed by every judge of a country (American model) or by a single Constitutional Court or other courts performing such duty (European\/Concentrated model). Judicial review is conceived as a remedy to prevent the problems of \u201cmajoritarianism\u201d. However, quite paradoxical, at the end of the deliberation, Courts performing judicial review vote to make a decision. The same mechanism (majoritarian vote), which is seen with mistrust in the parliamentary arena, is employed by judicial review.<\/p>\n<p>Countries such as the United States (in Nebraska, Ohio, and North Dakota), Mexico, Peru, Czech Republic, or Poland (transitorily in 2015) have required qualified majorities to perform a judicial review or continue to do so. The legal doctrine has created categories to explain every aspect of judicial review but has ignored the existence of qualified majorities. The absence of any theory to explain this phenomenon is the main reason to conduct the proposed research project.<\/p>\n<p>Why is an important feature such as the majority to annul a statute gone unexplored? There are two main reasons. In the first place, no substantial theory has been developed to explain qualified majorities because simple majorities seem \u201cnatural\u201d. In the second place, even though some legal scholars have written about the topic, they have done so from their local perspective. Thus, the existent bibliography explains how this mechanism works in a specific country but does not formulate a theory of what those mechanisms are, what their underlying conceptual background is, and whether or not such majorities fulfill their objective or hinder the functioning of the Courts. This research project intends to develop a new theory of constitutional control that explains this problem as a substantial result of the Project.<\/p>\n<p>The research will be developed in three phases. In the first phase, the Project will create a theoretical framework for the phenomena, including categories, scientific terminology, and underlying reasons for employing qualified majorities. The Project will try to prove that qualified majorities work as deferential mechanisms (measurements to ensure that Courts defer to the democratically elected parliament). The Project will show that these mechanisms diminish the democratic tensions of judicial review and oblige consensus building in constitutional adjudication. The second phase will be to apply all the categories created to the existent models of qualified majorities and to understand through analyzing their functioning whether or not they hinder judicial review and to what degree they force parliamentary deference. The third phase implies writing a research rapport which will be published as a monograph.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Methodology<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Project employs usual doctrinal legal methodology and conceptual analysis in seeking a new theory that would offer an account of supermajorities in judicial review.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Research results (months 1-3)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The first months of the research grant have been devoted to deepening the literature review on the theory of majorities in judicial review. The Project has concluded that the theory of majorities in judicial review is largely an unexplored topic even though some concrete publications have been developed regarding national legal orders.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Research Results (months 4-15): progress during Year 2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The project developed a conceptual framework to analyze supermajorities in comparative law. The project divided supermajorities into two categories: those that provide deference to the democratically elected legislator, referred to as &#8222;deferential supermajorities&#8221;, and those that require a supermajority for any decision, termed &#8222;decisional supermajorities&#8221;. Furthermore, the project identified various variables that come into play when analyzing the effectiveness of a supermajority. These variables include its legal source, size, type of required vote, precedential value, reasons for introducing a supermajority, and the manner in which a supermajority was introduced.<\/p>\n<p>Entering the comparative law phase of the project, we were able to identify the existence (present or past) of supermajorities in the following countries: the United States (Ohio in 1912, North Dakota in 1919, and Nebraska in 1920), Costa Rica (1949), Taiwan (1958-2022), Peru (1982, 1995, and 2002), South Korea (1972, 1980, and 1987), India (1976-1977), El Salvador (1984), the Czech Republic (1993), Mexico (1994), Lebanon (1993), the Dominican Republic (2010), Poland (2015), and Georgia (2016). Considering the vast number of jurisdictions, we selected specific jurisdictions that ensured a diversity of institutional frameworks and approaches to drafting supermajority rules. We then began assessing their effective functioning in light of the conceptual groundwork previously laid out. Comparative remarks were drawn.<\/p>\n<p>During months 4-15, several important results were achieved. The paper titled &#8222;Judicial Review of Supermajority Rules Governing Courts&#8217; Own Decision-Making: A Comparative Analysis&#8221; was published by Global Constitutionalism (Cambridge). Additionally, a second paper titled &#8222;Control and Paralysis? A Context-Sensitive Analysis of Objections to Supermajorities in Constitutional Adjudication&#8221; was accepted for publication by the International Journal of Constitutional Law.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Academic Conferences<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>(2023) YCC 12th Annual Conference, Miami, paper \u201cDoes Supermajority Rules in Constitutional Adjudication Lead to Court Paralysis: A Comparative Analysis,\u201d Panel \u201cJudicial decision-making and adjudication in comparative perspective\u201d. 28\/10\/2023.<\/li>\n<li>(2023) European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR), paper \u201cVoting protocols as informal judicial institutions: a case study of its perils in Mexico,\u201d Panel \u201cInformality<br \/>\nand Institutional Design of Judicial Bodies.\u201d 04\/09\/2023.<\/li>\n<li>(2023) International Association of Public Law Annual Conference, Panel \u201cDecision-making in Constitutional Courts: Perspectives from Latin America and Oceania\u201d, Wellington University, July 5, Paper \u201cInformal institutions and voting protocols: a look behind the shadows\u201d. 05\/07\/2023.<\/li>\n<li>(2023) Socio-Legal Studies Association Conference 2023. Paper \u201cCan Constitutional Court Presidents become too powerful? Lessons from Mexico&#8217;s judicial politics\u201d. Stream \u201cConstitutionalism in developing democracies\u201d. Ulster University, UK. 05\/04\/2023.<\/li>\n<li>(2022) 11th Annual YCC Global Conference, Boston, Northeastern University. Paper \u201cA comparative analysis on the Mexican supermajority to strike down legislation: Between deference and paralysis\u201d. Panel: Comparative Constitutional, Judicial and Appellate Review. 08\/10\/2023<\/li>\n<li>(2022) \u201cSpielr\u00e4ume des Rechts- Margins in\/of Law\u201d, German Chapter of the International Society of Public Law. Giessen, Germany. Paper \u201cInstitutionalized deference under scrutiny: Judicial review supermajorities through Judicial Review itself\u201d. 17\/08\/2022.<\/li>\n<li>(2022) International Association of Public Law, Annual Conference. Paper \u201cTowards a general theory of supermajorities in judicial review\u201d, Wroclaw.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The corresponding presentations (where employed) are available under the following link: <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/1fj6oqWyEJYaHCeydCYCcSTRkx_Q4UAaV?usp=drive_link\">https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/1fj6oqWyEJYaHCeydCYCcSTRkx_Q4UAaV?usp=drive_link<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Project related publications<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>(Published) Rivera, Mauro Arturo, Judicial review of supermajority rules governing courts\u2019 own decision-making: A comparative analysis, Global Constitutionalism (Cambridge), First View Papers, DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S2045381723000047\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S2045381723000047<\/a><\/li>\n<li>(Published) \u201cControl and Paralysis? A Context-sensitive Analysis of Objections to Supermajorities in Constitutional Adjudication\u201d, International Journal of Comparative Law, DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icon\/moad074\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icon\/moad074<\/a><\/li>\n<li>(Published) Rivera, Mauro Arturo, \u201cLos retos de la defensa del federalismo mexicano est\u00e1ndares deferenciales y asimetr\u00edas procesales en conflictos normativos\u201d [Wyzwania w obronie federalizmu meksyka\u0144skiego: standardy deferencyjne i proceduralne regulacje asymetryczne w konfliktach normatywnych.], w Concurso Nacional de Ensayo sobre el Federalismo, Mexican Senate, 2023. Available at <a href=\"http:\/\/bibliodigitalibd.senado.gob.mx\/handle\/123456789\/5931\">http:\/\/bibliodigitalibd.senado.gob.mx\/handle\/123456789\/5931<\/a><\/li>\n<li>(Published) Rivera, Mauro Arturo, &#8222;El impacto de la doctrina de delegaci\u00f3n en el Tribunal Constitucional Checoslovaco (1922)\u201d, Historia Constitucional, vol. 1, n. 24, 709-726, DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17811\/hc.v0i24.941\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17811\/hc.v0i24.941<\/a><\/li>\n<li>(Accepted for publication) Rivera, Mauro Arturo, &#8222;Between deference and paralysis? A defense of Mexico&#8217;s Judicial Review supermajority in comparative perspective&#8221;, International Journal of Constitutional Law. Available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/372181191_Between_deference_and_paralysis_A_defense_of_Mexico's_Judicial_Review_supermajority_in_Comparative_perspective\">https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/372181191_Between_deference_and_paralysis_A_defense_of_Mexico&#8217;s_Judicial_Review_supermajority_in_Comparative_perspective<\/a><\/li>\n<li>(Accepted for publication) Rivera, Mauro Arturo, &#8222;Can Constitutional Court Presidents become too powerful?&#8221;, Hague Journal on the Rule of Law<\/li>\n<li>(Published) Rivera, Mauro Arturo, &#8222;Supermajorities in Constitutional Courts&#8221;, Routledge. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003458272\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003458272<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Funding <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>The research leading to these results has received funding from the Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2014-2021 <\/strong>under Project Contract No MO-2020\/37\/K\/HS5\/02758 (No. 2020\/37\/K\/HS5\/02758).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Project\u2019s contact and inquiries<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Any doubt pertaining to the Project may be directed at the Principal Investigator Dr. Mauro Arturo Rivera Le\u00f3n: <a href=\"mailto:mauro_arturo.rivera-leon@us.edu.pl\">mauro_arturo.rivera-leon@us.edu.pl<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][\/vc_row][vc_column][\/vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p>I am text block. Click edit button to change this text. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text]<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][\/vc_row][vc_column][\/vc_column][vc_column_text] I am text block. Click edit button to change this text. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo. [\/vc_column_text] [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/us.edu.pl\/instytut\/inpr\/nauka-i-badania\/projekt-pols\/\">Read More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":108,"featured_media":0,"parent":122,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/inner-page.php","meta":{"_expiration-date-status":"","_expiration-date":0,"_expiration-date-type":"","_expiration-date-categories":[],"_expiration-date-options":[]},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/us.edu.pl\/instytut\/inpr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1414"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/us.edu.pl\/instytut\/inpr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/us.edu.pl\/instytut\/inpr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/us.edu.pl\/instytut\/inpr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/108"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/us.edu.pl\/instytut\/inpr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1414"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/us.edu.pl\/instytut\/inpr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1414\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1926,"href":"https:\/\/us.edu.pl\/instytut\/inpr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1414\/revisions\/1926"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/us.edu.pl\/instytut\/inpr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/122"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/us.edu.pl\/instytut\/inpr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1414"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}